Planning and Preparing for Teaching and Learning Essay

At present my role is of a hairdressing teacher in a further education college. I currently teach hairdressing on the NVQ level 1, 2 and 3 programs. Gravel’s, A (2006, p5) suggests that it is all about helping someone to reach their full potential, whether this is for personal or professional reasons, and for me, helping to make a difference to someone’s life can be very rewarding. Within this assignment I am aiming to discuss the learning outcomes as outlined in Unit 1 – Planning and preparing for teaching and learning to define the roles and responsibilities of a teacher. Reece and Walker (2003, P4) describe a modern teacher as being a facilitator and when comparing a modern teaching role to more traditional teaching methods, I agree that this is true. As the modern role requires the teacher to be able to communicate with the learners in such a way as to inspire and encourage all learners to engage within their chosen subject. To be able to do this is vital when teaching within further education as groups consist of not just different age ranges but also learners from different learning backgrounds, with individual needs and abilities. Due to this diversity, it becomes more important for teachers to explore new and inventive ways when approaching schemes of work and session plans, whilst ensuring it covers all the aims and outcomes of the syllabus set out by the awarding body (VTCT) and follows an internal strategy which is monitored by an external verifier to ensure that standards are being adhered to. By doing this it will ensure that the aims and o bjectives planned in a session are meaningful and relevant to all learners. One of the roles of a teacher is to identify learners’ needs thus ensuring the learners are not only on the correct course but also on the correct level for their ability. It is my responsibility to facilitate initial assessments, assessing and monitoring the various learning styles for each individual learner, taking into consideration the learners prior experiences, knowledge and motivation both academically and within their home life in order for individuals to achieve their full potential. During this initial assessment the learner is encouraged to disclose any disabilities and/or learning difficulties so that any need for additional support may be identified and the appropriate measures can be put into place to support them. This could be in class support, adapted or specialised equipment or resources or referring them to a specialised department for support or guidance. It is also the responsibility of the teacher to know what will need to be disclosed and what is to be kept confidential. Due to government requirements, to improve basic core skills further assessments (BKSB) are carried out which identify learners’ levels in numeracy, literacy and ICT. The completion of these tests allow for any additional learning needs to be identified thus ensuring that support is put into place to assist the learner. This allows for more effective learning to take place and will allow the teacher a deeper insight into the learners’ level of learning therefore allowing the teacher to challenge the more capable learner whilst allowing the less able learner to be encouraged. Another role of the teacher would be to plan for the academic year. This would include producing a scheme of work for each unit covered. The scheme of work is a working document and is frequently evaluated and reflected throughout the year and adapted as I gain a deeper knowledge of each learner’s requirements. This knowledge is gained through the initial assessments which would include a learning style questionnaire, observations carried out during sessions and from each learner’s ILP (individual learning plan) which is a document produced by each individual learner that takes into consideration the learner’s strengths and weaknesses. While more traditional teaching methods are based on the principle that all learners should get equal attention, follow the same curriculum and are assessed at the same level (‘One size fits all’), an ILP presumes that the needs of each individual learner are different, and therefore should be addressed on an individual basis. Research has shown that putting emphasis on the individual learner’s role is vital to a productive learning experience. It is important to take this into consideration when producing resources and session plans to ensure that all sessions are inclusive to all learners. Regularly updating and assessing the individual learner’s ILP enables me to review a learner’s progress, negotiate priorities with the learner and agree with them an individual learning plan. By doing this it will allow the learner to take responsibility for their own education whist ensuring that they are following the same curriculum design. I would then input the individual goals set onto an assessment tracking system (Pro-monitor) this information is available to all teachers in that curriculum area so that they are aware of individual goals set ensuring continuity and in turn creating an assessment cycle action plan for the academic year. This process allows for the learner’s progress to be continually reviewed against the goals that have been set and allows for them to be amended in order to extend. It is the responsibility of the teacher to have a detailed profile of the learners, to allow for differentiation in session plans. The responsibility is to plan lessons that will incorporate varying learning styles to ensure that learners have equal rights to learn. The completion of attendance records, carrying out one to one interviews and clear differentiation sheets for all learners should be completed and regularly updated and records kept. It is the teacher’s responsibility to recognise the limitations and boundaries within their role, therefore referring learners to the relevant departments for support that falls outside of their expertise for example, the ESOL, Learner Support, and Counselling departments. As Dow and Truman said, â€Å"Teachers do not – and certainly should not – act alone, nor should they imagine that there are no limits or boundaries to their responsibilities† (Dow & Truman, 1995). The teacher needs to remember the aim of ’Every Child Matters’ (ECM, 2003) and that every child has the right to learn in a safe learning environment that promotes openness and trust. Ensuring the layout of the classroom is suitable, gives all learners an equal opportunity to engage in activities. However in my specific role as a hairdressing teacher this is not always possible when working in the salon where all learners have individual stations to work at. Whilst this is beneficial for independent learning I always ensure that there is an open space to gather learners for demonstrations and group work.

A Pair of Tickets: Personal Response Essay

â€Å" A Pair of Tickets† is about a women named June May who is traveling through her native country of China. I really enjoyed this story because I could relate to it in my own life experiences. After June May’s mom passes away she starts thinking about all the questions she wishes she had asked her about her life. Just like when any family members of mine passes away, I always think back and think about what type of questions could I have asked him or her before they passed away. June May was raised in San Francisco (which had many Chinese people at this time). She had a father and a mother who raised her in San Francisco. When June May’s mother passes away she soon find out that she has a twin sister in China that she never knew about. Her twin sister had written her mother a letter that they received a couple of months after her mother had passed away. So June May and her father decided that they were going to travel to China and see if they could find her twin sister, in addition to looking for her they were also going to visit family they hadn’t seen in years. When they arrived in to China June May is constantly comparing things she sees to what America is like. Her mother brought her up by telling her that all Chinese people have no choice but to act Chinese; it’s in their blood. June May at first thinks she’s nuts and doesn’t believe her. But after she passes away she soon realizes her mother was right and starts seeing a lot of comparison of how her mother acted and how she acted. When she arrives in China she really starts to feel Chinese. She didn’t wear makeup; she even starts introducing herself by her Chinese name Jing-Mei to her family members. This kind of reminds me of the time when I was in high school playing on sport teams. During high school friends and/or people in school would call me Nelson (since it’s my last name). I also would just tell people to call me Nelson since I have a twin brother because that way if they couldn’t tell my brother and I apart they could just call me Nelson and it would be right every single time. Once I got to college, I had to tell people to start calling me Elliott instead of Nelson because in college, it’s like a new beginning; and in a new beginning to something you want people to know you by your first name before people know your last name. Overall, June May’s introducing of her actual Chinese name marked the beginning of her acceptance of being true to her Chinese inheritance. While in her hotel June May finally realizes why her mother had left her twin sister behind. She wants to do everything she can now to find her twin sister and grow her Chinese heritage like her mother would of wanted her to do. Even myself can relate to why a mother could leave someone because this happened to me. I am adopted; which is kind of similar to what happened to June May because it’s still basically a Mom or Dad leaving their son/daughter. Finally, June May has accomplished the meaning of her mother’s name, Suyuan which means,† Long Cherished Wish. † Suyuan wish was for June May to grow into her Chinese heritage. I think the story was telling us that we will never know who we are until we know what our past and heritage is really about. I’ll be honest, when I was 16 years old marked the first time I asked my parents I live with now about my actual Mom and Dad. Overall, what I learned from hearing about my own past was that I am way better off now in the family I am in now. But I still see my actual birth mom every year once or twice and she still loves me. She had to let Aron and I get adopted because of money purposes; basically means that she wanted what was best for Aron and I.

Statistical Analysis of Microtitre Lab Data Assignment

Statistical Analysis of Microtitre Lab Data - Assignment Example In order to answer them you must have conducted the analysis and understood how to interpret the data and the statistical analysis. You may therefore refer to the proforma during the test. Graphs should be constructed in Excel and sized to fit the allotted space. The aim of this assignment is for you to demonstrate the ability to conduct a statistical analysis on a set of data and report the findings in a scientific manner. You should use SPSS for the ANOVA. 1. Construct a calibration curve using all of the data provided (i.e. all replicates for each concentration NOT the mean absorbance values). You must conduct Linear Regression Analysis using Excel and provide the R2 value and the equation of the line of best fit (y=mx +c, where y represents absorbance, x is the concentration of protein, m is the slope of the line of best fit and c is the intercept of the line on the y-axis). 2. Refer to the quality control data set on the Excel spreadsheet, below the calibration curve data. Using the values of the equation of the line of best fit from the calibration curve, take each absorbance value for the quality control data and calculate the concentration of protein for each replicate. You should then calculate the mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation (see notes from Statistics Lecture 1) for each concentration and insert them into Table 1: As the absorbance values of the data are beyond the range of the calibration curve, you will only conduct your analysis on the absorbance values to determine whether each of the detergents has an effect upon the absorbance produced for a set concentration of protein (0.5mg/cm3)). From the above table (ANOVA table), we observe p-value=0.000

Descartes Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Descartes - Term Paper Example Essentially, the mind/body problem centers on trying to determine what constitutes 'real' experience. It is clear that the mind can fool the body into thinking it is experiencing something. Examples of this are found in the experiences of people with lost limbs or psychosomatic illness. However, the body can also fool the mind into experiencing something, such as in the case of false scents, misperceptions or vertigo. It is necessary to investigate the theories of Descartes any time one is researching dualism because it was Descartes who first suggested the body and mind could be divided and he who began to define the proper realms of the mind as compared to that of the body. The more these ideas are researched, though, the more they seem to fall apart. Dualism is the result of an attempt by Descartes to bring the discipline of mathematics with its basis on ‘real’ factual knowledge together with the more intangible concepts of thought. His attempt is characterized by a c ategorical rejection of anything that could not be externally proven. This method is now referred to as hyperbolic doubt. Regarding this method, Burnham and Fieser say â€Å"he refused to accept the authority of previous philosophers – but he also refused to accept the obviousness of his own senses. ... en applied to the school of philosophic thought because the formalist paradigm of the Socratic-Platonics denied any possibility of empirical knowledge. â€Å"On this view, sensory experience can inform us only about appearances, about how things seem. Authentic knowledge (episteme), however, must be of reality. The idea of empirical knowledge, that is, experiential knowledge, is thus intrinsically incoherent. The provenance of knowledge proper, that is, knowledge of the eternal and independent Forms, is reason alone. With regard to the world available to us through the senses, the world of appearances, we can aspire only to opinion (doxa)† (Rosenberg). According to the formalist paradigm, then, there is no means by which a mortal human being can access the epistemic knowledge Descartes sought simply because we do not have the appropriate capabilities required to understand what it is we are seeing/experiencing at this level. To accomplish the type of evidence he required, Desc artes applied four basic rules of logic to his process of discovery to use as guides and method. The first rule applied was that he could only accept truths that were 'clearly and distinctly' known to be true. The second rule employed was to reduce problems down to their most common elements. This enabled the philosopher to tackle them each as micro problems which could then contribute to solving the macro. The third rule was to proceed in logical order from the easiest solution to the most difficult so as to reduce the weight of issues being considered. The fourth and final rule was to take a broad view of each individual micro-problem in order to be sure nothing has been missed at the macro level. As Brians comments, â€Å"He calls into question everything that he thinks he has learned through his

Theory of knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Theory of knowledge - Essay Example The source of human knowledge have been attempted to be explained by philosophers. Due to this, there are two ways that have been used to explain the source of human knowledge in that on one side, rationalism explains that human knowledge is based on rationality or reason while on the other hand, empiricism states that human knowledge is based on experience or posteriori knowledge Many people have argued that human knowledge originate from experience but It is more sensible to argue that neither side can be neglected instead what need to be done is that both schools of thought that explain the source of human knowledge should be combined so that it makes more sense. Hence this can be classified as justified true belief. Knowledge is basically a belief or convection that someone has in something or a thing. However, knowledge can be enhanced by a combination of reason and experience. Plato Plato argued that in order to demarcate the difference between knowledge and opinion must be rea sonably or rationally justified. It is from this view that Plato stresses that knowledge is innate. This is because from his dialogues with Socrates, Plato presents the perception that soul existed before birth with the structure of perfect knowledge and good of everything. Therefore, when something is learned, it can be recalled. According to his argument, he made clear distinction between knowledge and mere opinion which he said is not certain. In order for human mind to make a belief that is dependable or reliable, there has to be substantive evidence on it. This, therefore, leads to justification of our beliefs. Justification is established by the distinction between believing that something is true and between knowing that something is what it is (Sosa...Therefore, it is important to make distinction between knowing that, how and acquaintance knowledge. Traditionally, there existed two methods to theory of knowledge. Empiricism which stresses that we get our knowledge via senso ry experiences while rationalism on the other hand which claims that people gain their knowledge through reasoning. The source of human knowledge have been attempted to be explained by philosophers. Due to this, there are two ways that have been used to explain the source of human knowledge in that on one side, rationalism explains that human knowledge is based on rationality or reason while on the other hand, empiricism states that human knowledge is based on experience or posteriori knowledge Many people have argued that human knowledge originate from experience but It is more sensible to argue that neither side can be neglected instead what need to be done is that both schools of thought that explain the source of human knowledge should be combined so that it makes more sense. Hence this can be classified as justified true belief. Knowledge is basically a belief or convection that someone has in something or a thing. However, knowledge can be enhanced by a combination of reason and experience. Plato argued that in order to demarcate the difference between knowledge and opinion must be reasonab ly or rationally justified. Truth is the capability of the information acquired being consistent with evident presented and truths about it.

Letter to the editor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letter to the editor - Assignment Example Mr. Perez makes the assumption that everyone will agree with his position that racial profiling is dangerous rhetoric. The truth is Americans are concerned with the problems of illegal immigration. Only minorities might agree with this point of view. A better argument can be made than racial profiling is wrong. Solutions need to be given for the immigration problem. There are no easy solutions, but maybe if Arizona is provided with alternatives, then racial profiling legislation might not be needed. Several options that could be explored are stricter I.D. regulations. New technology could provide the answer. In many states, to receive an I.D. a fingerprint must be given. Police might be provided with a fingerprint pad to compare with the fingerprint listed on file. If the I.D. is not legitimate this could be spotted immediately. Another option would be all government services have a photo I.D. with the fingerprint requirement. Services like healthcare, any governmental services, and so forth could be mandated. Buying tags, registering a car, filing a lawsuit, and registering for a post office box are all examples of government services. Driver’s Licenses and state I.D.s with better security measures like finger prints, barcodes, and photos embedded in the issue I.D. with the same techniques as used in money and checks could help spot illegal immigrants. A perfect example of checking I.D. legally would be through the Census. If an individual does not send in a Census form , the Census bureau sends out field agents. Names that are sent in can be checked with legitimate Social Security numbers, credit reports, and other sources, if a name cannot be matched up, then I.D. will be required. There are so many instances that an I.D. is required. Eventually illegal immigrants would be caught. Crime is another issue that the Arizona legislation addressed. Violent crimes are being committed by

EARNING IT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

EARNING IT - Essay Example It is worthwhile to mention the fact that employment and business outlook aggravated in 2007 – 2008 after collapse of housing sector or property market and ‘bursting of speculative financial sector’ that resulted in financial difficulties and a credit crunch like situation. Indeed, the bankruptcies of various small and large financial institutions followed by closures of manufacturing and services sector organisations led to rapid surge in unemployment and economic contraction. In simple worlds, the aggregate demand and supply reduced that in turn resulted in a decrease in productive activities and new employment opportunities for general public. The weakness in economy, consumer buying power and real incomes also adversely impacted relatively strong sectors such as heavy machinery, engineering, arms, information technology, airline industry, electronics and others etc. because of fall in demand from all consumers. Hence, these strong sectors were unable to sustai n their business volume and cut down their employees thereby contributing in unemployment across UK. (Gregg and Wadsworth, 2010) According to Bell and Blanchlower (2010), the total real output of United Kingdom was decreased by nearly 7% during 2009; however, some improvements recovered Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth by2% during 2010. In addition, the total job losses from recession during 2008 – 2010 were recorded to be just under 0.6 million, whereas the worst conditions in 1980 – 1983 and 1990 – 1993 left 1.6 million and 1.7 million workers unemployed respectively. Overall, there were 2.5 million workers unemployed in 2010 all across UK out of which 2 million belonged to England alone (remaining were from Scotland and Wales). In this way, it is justified to argue that UK economic structure is based on stronger grounds because relatively fewer job losses were recorded even though the output had expanded 3 times the aggregate

Pricing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pricing - Case Study Example The kind of retailing done on the Sainsbury’s website may not reflect the kind of perfect competition that online commentators had believed would happen. The products offered at Sainsbury’s are priced differently from local retailer’s shops. Some are more expensive while others are cheaper than in offline shops. The kinds of products sold differ almost daily. However, there are some products that have been on offer for quite a while. The consumers who buy from the website are not necessarily the same ones who frequent the off-line retail shops. The website also offers value added services which may not be offered in other websites selling the same kinds of products. For instance, in the Food and drinks section customers may have a look at free recipes provided by the website. The website can be summed up as the one stop online shop for anything that one might want. Perfect competition is the term that is used to describe the kind of market in which no market players can control the market or set prices for homogenous products. The principles of perfect competition are considered by many to be strict as they have to meet the following criteria: In a perfectly competitive market, there has to be a large supplier base. However, each of these suppliers has to have an insignificant market share. In this regard, it becomes too hard for the firm or supplier to be able to control price through its own supply network. Sainsbury’s is a single supplier of a large variety of products. The online company has a huge supply network that makes it easy to control its own products. The same case is replicated in many online retail businesses which have a large supply and customer base. This gives them the power to comfortably set their own pricing standards without having to rely on the pricing of the overall market. A perfect competitive market cannot happen in such an environment where the market players are not price takers, but price setters

The Association of International Publishers Essay Example for Free

The Association of International Publishers Essay Billy Curtis Clark was born on 29 December 1928 in Catlettsburg, Kentucky. Clark was the seventh child of Mason and Martha Clark (Foster, 1997). Clark was born in the bridge between Kenova, West Virginia and Catlettsburg, Kentucky because her mother had experienced labor pains during the time she was in West Virginia to buy something. Her mother was in a hurry to get home because he doesn’t want Billy to be born in West Virginia for nationality purposes. Catlettsburg is a town where poverty prevails and because Billy had aimed to get away of this town, he had worked hard to finished his secondary education. Billy Clark was the only child of Mason and Martha Clark who had finished secondary education. Clark had many struggles in his early adult life because at the age of eleven, he left his home and had lived in the city office building. To support his studies, he had been able to experience cleaning the jail and being a volunteer fireman. He had endured this kind of life for almost five years (Foster, 1997). After staying in the city office building for five years, he joined the Korean War. This was the time when he finished high school and because of the urge to continue to college he joined the Korean War. He was granted benefits from the G. I Bill and was able to continue college because of the grant. He chose to enroll in the Kentucky University. His first publications were rooted at the Kentucky University and these publications were produced while he was still studying at the university. His first magazine publications were entitled Boy’s Life, Coronet and Nugget (Kelly). The struggles that were experienced by Billy Clark continued even during the times he was pursuing college. He had to work then because he also had helped his mother and father in order for the poverty burden to be lessened. His father had several strokes those times and his mother had to take laundry to support the family’s needs. Because of the poverty experienced by his family, he left the university and worked in the Ashland Oil. It is in Ashland Oil were he met his wife Ruth Bocock (Foster, 1997). The Billy C. Clark Bridge that connects Kentucky and West Virginia was named in honor of Billy Clark. This is maybe because he was born on that the same river. There were several awards that had been given to Billy C. Clark because of the numerous and enormous contributions he had done in the field of literature and poetry. He was considered an award winning writer of eleven books. Among the books that he had published is the â€Å"A Long Hoe Row† that is now used by most of the universities in the United States of America in order to study the field of Appalachia. It was also awarded by the Time Magazine as the one of the Best Books in 1960. Moreover, the book entitled the â€Å"Hunter’s Horn† had received and was included and selected as one of the Crowell-Collier Classic. This was in year 1964 (The Association of International Publishers). Billy C. Clark was also the founder and editor of the Virginia writing. Clark is also a writer-in-residence at the Longwood University. Billy C. Clark had also been a writer-in-residence at his former college school at the Kentucky University. He was in service to the University for almost eighteen years. He became a full professor and at the same time being a writer-in-residence at the Longwood University in Kentucky. Another interesting thing about the famous author Billy C. Clark is that he had written a book at the age of fourteen but he was not able to publish it until he married Ruth Bocock. Ruth was the one who discovered that he had written the â€Å"Song of River†. He had written the book at the age of fourteen and the book was published exactly fourteen years after it was written with the help of Ruth Bocock, his wife. Ruth was the one who discovered the book at the back of his car after they got married (The Association of International Publishers). Works Cited: Booty, Kent. News Release from Longwood College. 28 August 1992. Foster, Kelly. (2007) Billy C. Clark. KYLIT, A site devoted for Kentucky writer 11 September 2007 http://www. english. eku. edu/SERVICES/KYLIT/clark. htm Peyton, Dave. Billy Clarks stories hewn from log of rough childhood. The Herald-Dispatch. 31 August 1992. Peyton, Dave. Unlike Thomas Wolfe, he can go home again. The Herald-Dispatch. Sept. 1992. Shaffer, Cathie. Long road leads Billy Clark back to Catlettsburg. The Daily Independent. 19 July 1992. The Association of International Publishers (2007). Past Honorees; Billy C. Clark. 10 September 2007 http://www. aepweb. org/fame/bclark. htm

The Color Purple Monologue Essay Example for Free

The Color Purple Monologue Essay Youre nothing but a piece oh shit on the bottom of my shoe, thats whats wrong. Im leaving with Shug and getting away from you. Youre a dirty rat and your dead body is just the welcome I need to leave you. You might have been a half way decent man if your father raised you right. You know that Nettie was all I had and the only one that loved me and you took her away from me. Youre nothing but trash for doing that to me. Youre cruel but it dont matter no more. My sister is taking care of my children in Africa. My children Olivia and Adam are learning different languages and are coming back home soon. And when they get here we are all gona whoop your ass for doing that to me. And we will do it with no regret for the things you done to me. Beating a woman doesnt do shit and Im gona laugh when everything you wish for crumbles down. My children are gona turn out way better then these blockheads you never made the time to raise. If your son Harpo hadnt tried to beat Sofia into submission then the white people would have never gotten to her. She wouldnt have gotten sent to jail either. You had rotten kids. They made my life hell, they did. But of course you aint nothing but some horse shit. You thought beating me would make me submit to your will? Well, boy you sure are wrong. No one ever is gona treat me that way no more. With you I felt that I wanted to go somewhere but I couldnt. I almost got my spirit beaten outa me and I just wanted to rot somewhere. And I never even asked you for a God damn thing!!! I never asked you for nothing at all!!! Not even your hand in marriage. I never asked you for nothing, but your sorry ass asked everything from me. Wash the dishes, clean the house, feed the kids, shave my beard. And I never got nothing in return!! But I never complained bout that cause I know you would just beat the shit outa me!! And until you do me right then everything you touch is gona crumble down on your sorry ass. You may think that I will come back but so help me God I would rather die then to live in this house with you. When you do your business on top of me I would always just pretend I wasnt there. I may not have talent and spunk like Shug but I got me some will now. I aint ever gona back down from anyone no more. I almost killed you when I was shaving you. If Shug wasnt there to save you I would have killed you. I should have done it for all the wrong you did to me. Until you treat me right everything you try to succeed at is just gona fail. Its gona be a rude awakening you realize that you cant live without me. You cant even cook breakfast without burning the damn thing. Everything you done to me I have already done to you. You just dont know it. And even if I havent done all that you have done to me its gona happen to you. Its gona come back and bite you in the ass for what you done to me. You will live in misery and you wont be able to live with yourself. You will probably drive yourself crazy and Ima have my head kept high. I dont need you. You think I need you but, its the other way around. You say Im nothing but an ugly black poor woman but listen here. I am black. I am poor. And I may be ugly but Im away from you and thats all I need.

State Sovereignty Being Transformed By Globalisation Politics Essay

State Sovereignty Being Transformed By Globalisation Politics Essay The notion of state sovereignty in todays world cannot hold its ability as a result of globalisation. The Sovereign states in the previous years known, globalisation has successfully eroded that idea. The main impact of globalisation can be seen in the changing approaches of sovereign states when dealing with global changes. There are many factors that are made by globalisation which are known to be breaking up the sovereign state some factors such as the push for protection of human rights and also the influences of non-government organisations. The global push to bring out the universal agreement to human rights that was conducted after the world war two had seen the creation of the United Nations carter and the establishment of non-government organisations, which in the end signified the erosion of state sovereignty. Haass (2006) looks at sovereignty and globalisation and he argues that the United Carter is based on a contradiction, which tries to encourage the rights and movement towards self determination and individuals and groups and at the same time supports state sovereignty and territory. In effect the movement towards human rights and equality weakens the influence of sovereign states in order to allow individual rights throughout every state. Haass (2006) also claims that the making of Non-government organisations that was created to promote human rights for example Amnesty International has influence on limiting that actions of the state in various ways. By having the support of Non-government organisations this allows the United State to interpret Human Rights Charter in result to support individuals rather than upholding the state sovereignty. Through this we are able to see that the globalisation of Human Rights that is fuelled by the influence of NGOs has significant effect on the concept state sovereignty. Agnew (2009) has a look at globalisation and sovereignty and he suggest that globalisation does not provide protections for the state but it increases the ease of movement across nations. The ease of goods, diseases, cultures, drugs, and weapons that travel across borders show that the end of sovereign states is necessary to deal with the consequence of globalisation. The influence of the World Trade Organisation also suggests the transformation of state sovereignty as a result of globalisation. Governments must meet with the regulations that are set out by the WTO in order to maintain alliance and benefits on an international trading spectrum. Sassen (1996) looks at how the state is losing control and sovereignty in an age of globalisation. He says that in order for states to maintain defence and protection for themselves the sovereignty must be weakened. States are also reasserting power due to the effects of GFC by globalisation. The global economy is in rapid decline with GFC. It is shown that globalisation in the contemporary world has had great impact on the foundations of state sovereignty. State are not able to deal with international issues anymore without considering diverse factors which have appeared through the current globalised world. References: Agnew.A.J, 2009, Globalization and Sovereignty, Rowman Littlefield Publishers Inc, America. Haass.N.R, 2006, Sovereignty and Globalisation, the council on foreign relations, America. Sassen.S, 1996, losing control? Sovereignty in an age of globalization, Columbia University Press, America. Question Nine: How is global politics affected by culture and Nationalism? Culture and nationalism allows nations and individuals that are alike to stand together under similar ideologies, beliefs, customs and social norms. Nationalism also allows particular nation states to succeed for self-determination based on their history. On the other hand culture and nationalism are also significant in global conflict due to the overall rations between nations. Throughout history the effect of culture and nationalism on global politics can be traced. An important example of the effects of strong cultural identity and nationalistic pride is shown through the occurrence of World War One. Calhoun (2006) looks at Nationalism in the new world and points out that nationalism is an upcoming problem in global politics. The attempt to keep cultural ideals, nationalism is seen as the reason why there is growing conflicts in the contemporary world. Calhoun also points out that certainly ethnic conflicts and war are worsened by the mentioned ideologies. Nationalism and culture have shown to play a significant role in producing domestic policies such as tax, illegal immigrants, power and also relations between nations. The development of the state power has been strongly shown to be motivated by nationalistic and cultural beliefs on both domestic and international fields. Smith (2003) looks at the relationship between kinship and ethnicity and also nationalism as a key notion in modern day politics and decision making. The concept that Smith puts forward is further supported by Calhoun (2006), in the idea that national boundaries and identities are important to understand the contemporary world. Nationalism and cultural identity are applied by the world leaders and government policy makers to influence and approve decision making. Territorial claims of nation states by world leaders such as Palestinians, Israelis and Eritrea can be seen to use nationalism as justification for their actions. There are many problems seen in some states when small national groups have the feeling that they are not shown or their civil rights are not contained by the state for example the Kurds and Tibetans they seek for their own state which is refused to be accepted by their dominant state. In the twenty first century it is believed that Muslim countries will continue to change and it is shown that there are already a different variety of political, economical, social differences shown between some Muslim states for example the more wealthy countries such as Dubai have developed. References: Barnett.T.P.M, 2009, Great Powers: America and the World after Bush, G.P.Putnams Sons, America. Question Two: What were the key developments of the post-cold war era? The post cold war era saw a great change in the spread of ideologies as well as changes to governance of great world powers. Since the Cold-war era there has been additional unsteadiness that has formed in developing countries for example Asia, and also the Islamic terrorism and the US-led war on terror which involved Afghanistan and Iraq. The end of the cold was a very big historical turning point as measured by changes in the international system, the nation state and the international organizations. The Term cold car is referred to as the period of the US which changed over the period of 1945-89. The end of the cold war saw the creation of the United States as the single great world power. America had become the superpower of the world, this allowed for the spread of democracy across the western world. This resulted in the wide spread of capitalism and with an increase in economic growth. However, into the twenty first century changes to the power of America have occurred. Barnett (2009) indicates that there are emerging states of great powers across the globe this may include China, Japan or even Brazil. He points out that Chinas vast growing population as well as its great influence on trade, is a great challenge to America as a great power and recognises the USAs powers significant end. The GFC had also been seen as a big crisis for the US economy because it was moving up the level of unemployment. The fall of the Berlin Wall was also seen to be significant. The Berlin Wall divided Germany from its capital city, and it was knocked down because Germany was separated from political views so they knocked down the Berlin wall to make Germany one. There has also been the formation of the European Union (EU). In 1990s poverty remained a reality for the majority of people, the end of the cold war produced contradictory results in the less developed countries.

Glare of Fashion in Vanity Fair Essay -- Vanity Fair Essays

Glare of Fashion in Vanity Fair I fancy the doors to society guarded by grooms of the chamber with flaming silver forks with which they prong all those who have not the right of the entrà ©e...the honest newspaper fellow....dies after a little time. He can't survive the glare of fashion long. It scorches him up, as the presence of Jupiter in full dress wasted that poor imprudent Semele&emdash;a giddy moth of a creature who ruined herself by venturing out of her natural atmosphere. (657) With this sentiment in mind, Thackeray expresses his conception of the danger present when one attempts to step outside of their inherent social strata. Through depicting a world devoted to upholding the inflexible codes of society, Thackeray creates an appropriate backdrop for his humorously satirical novel Vanity Fair. At the heart of this work, the avaricious Becky Sharp, born of common blood, fights against traditional precincts by "venturing" (657) outside of her proper environs and entering into an elevated climate where the credulous yield unquestioningly to her will and the skeptics scorn her with cold indifference. Determined to secure a place in genteel society, Rebecca, disregarding the standards of society, manipulates the naive by engaging in hypocrisy and subterfuge while blinding those who doubt her with an unconquerable charm. Clearly a perfectionist in the art of deception, Becky Sharp, a young woman with serpentine sentiments, slithers her way into the aristocratic society that composes the hollow cortex of Vanity Fair. With unremitting cupidity, Becky exploits all those she encounters for the sole purpose of ameliorating her own situation, both financially and socially. Commencing her mission... ...little earthenware pipkin, you want to swim down the stream along with the great copper kettles...lookout and hold your own! How the women will bully you!" (613) Substantiating Lord Steyne's foreboding, with frigid indifference the ladies at his soirà ©e slight Becky, thus proving that she can never fully advance into their milieu. In view of this, Becky, one step away from pushing open the doors to social dominance, fails. Charms and beauty only carry the unwealthy so far in the world of Vanity Fair, thus Becky remains locked out of the room to which she dedicated her life to gaining entrance. Outstripped by the pretentious peerage, Becky's quest for status reiterates the insuperable fact that one without fortune or noble ancestry "can't survive the glare of fashion long" (637). Thakeray, William Makepeace. Vanity Fair. New York: Bantam Books, 1997.

The Road Beneath My Feet :: essays research papers

Style Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author in this story, Kevin McConnell, states that his main consideration in writing 'The Road Beneath My Feet'; was to develop a style that would remain consistent throughout the entire story. I feel that he accomplished this consistent style in a few different ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One way the author tried to accomplish this was by the way that he used his figures of speech. Many of the authors' statements were very similar if not exact. For example, the author says a few times that 'the dust would rise and choke me.'; This figure of speech is repetitious, which I feel is one way that the author tried to capture the consistent style that he was looking for. Also, the author said, 'my pace was steady and rather fast.'; This statement is also used repeatedly as another way that he develops this consistent style.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another way the author develops his consistent style is in the way he describes certain images. For example, there are a few different occasions where his way of describing what he sees around him are similar to eachother in a way that they all make reference to the fact that the day is going by and it will soon reach dusk. Like when he said 'the soft dew of morning which had glistened and twinkled on the blades of grass which grew in clumps by the side of road quietly disappeared.'; This indicates that the day is going on. At another point in the story the author makes reference to the shadows saying that they have grown longer, which would indicate the sun was setting. Also, the author never exactly comes right out and says the obvious. He uses his descriptive ways to give you an idea of what is going on or happening. For example, he never exactly says that the man he encounters on the road is an old man. He just gives certain physical characteristics that would associate with an old man. I feel his reasoning for this was to also indicate that this man was not just old but a man of wisdom, which very often is associated with old age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my mind this particular short story has a very interesting meaning behind it. This meaning is one that many younger people such as myself would benefit most from. I think that the whole point of the story is that you shouldn't just rush along and always be in such a hurry.

J&J Automotive Sales

1. Explain how you think the stereotype of used-car dealers developed. Stereotyping is like Building what is not thought to be said about the product, assuming that the used cars certainly will break down and others see it like purchasing used cars is not sensible because of maintaining it will be more expensive instead others will buy a brand new car. 2. What, if anything, can Joe do to counter this stereotype? Joe, say’s that building a good relationship with all his customers is compulsory, and He should be concerned about their Sensitivity and to be aware of their needs and wants for purchasing a suitable car, knowing what is the need of the customer is knowing what is the best car fit to their need. It is also showing concern for them. Joe will spend extra time in his work to achieve great customer satisfaction and high quality. He will also find a way to interact with his customers for future needs. 3. In what ways might this stereotype be beneficial to Joe? To potential customers? Stereotyping could be helpful if it can give Joe a positive effect to increase his sales and customers. To have more potential customers positive stereotyping is helpful; because the sooner customers are satisfied with their own needs the more the effect will encourage their friends to see them that the used car they bought to Joe is good as new but absolutely not as expensive as buying a brand new car. 4. AutoNation is #93 on the 2003 Fortune 500. It has created a huge business by exploiting the public’s perception of used-car dealers. What do you think they have done to change the stereotype? One of the largest retailers in America is Auto Nation, I think what they need to do is to change the awareness of their product to the public. They are more clear to their product and they are setting series of tests and doing over – all set-up to their used cars so that buyers will certainly be satisfied. AutoNation builds its integrity for the public to be aware of how safe and secure their vehicles are that they purchased. Testing others to try their products to know what is slowing their system down, I think they are testing their critics in front of the public to try their product and tell to the public the problem and the perception of the public to that experience will have make it a positive effect Also if the used car will encounter some problems. On this Case Base on the class debate the idea of awareness is people only see what is on the outside and in that scene they are assuming or inferring what is the behavior of an individual only to find out they are wrong.

Ethnic Groups and Racism Essay

GENERAL SOCIOLOGY/SOCIETY CULTURE â€Å"ETHNIC GROUPS AND RACISM† I. INTRODUCTION Race and ethnicity are important concepts in the field of sociology and are ones that are studied a great deal. Race plays a large role in everyday human interactions and sociologists want to study how, why, and what the outcomes are of these interactions. A race is a human population that is believed to be distinct in some way from other humans based on real or imagined physical differences. Racial classifications are rooted in the idea of biological classification of humans according to morphological features such as skin color or facial characteristics. An individual is usually externally classified (meaning someone else makes the classification) into a racial group rather than the individual choosing where they belong as part of their identity. Conceptions of race, as well as specific racial groupings, are often controversial due to their impact on social identity and how those identities influence someone’s position in social hierarchies. Ethnicity, while related to race, refers not to physical characteristics but social traits that are shared by a human population. Some of the social traits often used for ethnic classification include: †¢nationality †¢tribe †¢religious faith †¢shared language †¢shared culture †¢shared traditions Unlike race, ethnicity is not usually externally assigned by other individuals. The term ethnicity focuses more upon a group’s connection to a perceived shared past and culture. II. CONTENT/ CREATIVE REPORT DEFINITION OF RACE AND ETHNICITY Race is a socially defined category, based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people. Ethnicity is a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history or another cultural factor. Sociologists see race and ethnicity as social constructions because they are not rooted in biological differences, they change over time, and they never have firm boundaries. Example: White The distinction between race and ethnicity can be displayed or hidden, depending on individual preferences, while racial identities are always on display. THE SOCIOLOGICAL MEANING OF ETHNIC GROUPS AND RACISM The classification of people into races and ethnic groups carries deep implication on the social and political life of different racial and ethnic groups. These classifications led to the notion of racial superiority and racial inferiority, culturally advanced groups and culturally disadvantaged, the use of derogatory undertones and parody, apartheid policy, discrimination and prejudice, and stereotyping of groups of people. Ethnic conflicts have been regular process within the same territorial borders and among the nations of the world. Ethnic conflicts have been pervasive and dangerous because they cause massive humanitarian suffering, civil wars, and destabilizing effects. Sociologically, â€Å"race† refers to a group of people whom others believe are genetically distinct and whom they treat accordingly. This term is commonly used to refer to physical differences between people brought about by physical characteristics of genetic origin. This commonness of genetic heritage may be manifested in the shape of the head and face, the shape and color of the eyes, the shape of the nose, lips, and ears, the texture and color of the hair, the skin color, height, blood type and other physical characteristics. Among the significant racial categories studied by early social scientists were the Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, and the subgroups of primary and derived races. Racial differences are seen as physical differences singled out by the community or society as ethnically significant. It is preferable to refer to ethnicity or ethnic groups rather than race for its historical and biological connotations. An ethnic group represents a number of persons who have a common cultural background as evidenced by a feeling of loyalty to a given geographical territory or leader, a feeling of identification with and unity among historical and other group experiences, or a high degree of similarity in social norms, ideas and material objects. Members of ethnic groups see themselves as culturally different from other groups in the society and are viewed by others to be so. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF MEMBERSHIP IN RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS Membership in racial and ethnic groups influences people’s social status and roles as they interact with others. Physical characteristics, especially skin color and certain distinctive cultural traits, complexes, and patterns, become badges for social and economic status. Frequently, they establish a person’s or groups position in the social stratification system and make up the foundation for prejudice, discrimination, and other forms of differential treatment. Furthermore, when an ethnic group becomes a target of discrimination, such group may utilize the unique physical or cultural traits as the rallying force for promoting common loyalties and enhancing collective action. When people’s definition of physical characteristics greatly affects their relationship, such definitions generally become interlinked with cultural differences. A classic example is the white man’s justification of his technological, economic, political and military superiority. Examples are such ideologies as the God-chosen race, the white man’s burden and more recently, the apartheid policy. Since the early days of the United States, Native Americans, African-Americans and European-Americans were classified as belonging to different races. But the criteria for membership in these races were radically different. For Africans, the government considered anyone with African appearance to be purely African. Native Americans, on the other hand, were classified based on a certain percentage of Indian blood. Finally, European-Americans had to have purely white ancestry. The differing criteria for assigning membership to particular races had relatively little to do with biology; it had far more to do with maintaining a group’s defined roles and position. Racial and ethnic membership leads to a sense of people-hood. By this, we mean a sense of identification with a relatively small segment of the world’s population- those who by virtue of common ancestry or heritage we consider â€Å"our own kind†. Erich Fromm wrote in 1941: â€Å"The identity with nature, clan, religion, gives the individual security. He belongs to, he is rooted in, structuralized whole in which he has an unquestionable place. He may suffer from hunger or suppression, but he does not suffer from worst of all pains- complete aloneness and doubt. † PATTERNS OF ETHNIC GROUP RELATIONS People who occupy a subordinate status are usually called a minority group. What determines a minority group is not the unique racial or ethnics traits nor their great number but the relationship of different groups in the society of which they are a part. A minority group, then is one that, because of the power of differences among the groups, is singled out for unequal treatment in the society. A minority refers to a group which, because of physical and cultural characteristics, occupies a subordinate position in the society and subjected to collective discrimination, in some cases, even segregation, oppression, slavery, peonage, military subjugation, religious persecution, and economic, political, educational, and social suppression. The patterns of ethnic group relations include the following: 1. Patterns of Racism a. Prejudice and discrimination †¢Racism – is behavior that is motivated by the belief that one’s own group is superior to other groups that are set apart on the basis of physical characteristics Structural racism refers to inequalities built into an organization or system. An example of structural racism can be seen in recent research on workplace discrimination. [37] There is widespread discrimination against job applicants whose names were merely perceived as â€Å"sounding black. † These applicants were 50% less likely than candidates perceived as having â€Å"white-sounding names† to receive callbacks for interviews, no matter their level of previous experience. †¢Prejudice – prejudged negative attitude or opinion about a group without bothering to verify the merits of the opinion or judgment The relationship between prejudice and discrimination is complex. Robert Merton’s study and typology of the relationship between prejudice and discrimination Four patterns 1. Unprejudiced nondiscriminatory – integration 2. Unprejudiced and discriminatory – institutional discrimination 3. Prejudiced and nondiscriminatory – latent bigotry 4. Prejudiced and discriminatory – outright bigotry In his study, (1974), Bulatao listed impressions on some ethnic groups by respondents from five Philippine cities: Ilocanos and Chinese were viewed as most industrious, serious, thrifty; Tagalogs, progressive; Bicolanos and Cebuanos, humble, friendly, warm, and peaceful; Warays, lazy but strong; and Ilongos, proud and extravagant. b. Discrimination refers to the act of disqualifying or mistreating people on the basis of their group membership or on ascriptive rounds rationally irrelevant to the situation. Whereas prejudice is a state of mind, discrimination is actual behavior. Prejudice and discrimination work hand in hand to create and sustain racial and ethnic stratification, (Jarry J. 1987) THEORIES OF PREJUDICE Light gives the following explanations on the origin of prejudice: 1. Economic Theory- assumes that racial prejudice is a social attitude transmitted by the dominant ethnic majority class for the purpose of stigmatizing some group s as inferior so that the exploitation of the group resources will be justified. 2. Symbolic Theory- asserts that prejudice arises because a racial or ethnic group is a symbol of what people hate, fear, or envy. 3. Scapegoat theory- maintains that human beings are reluctant to accept their mistakes for their troubles and failures so they look for an ethnic-minority to shoulder the blame. 4. Social norm theory- asserts that ethnocentrism is a natural development of group living. Hatred and suspicion for the out-group are the standard and normal way of doing things, particularly in dealing with people. c. Stereotypes are often simplified and unsupported generalizations about others and are used indiscriminately for all cases. A few examples are Ilokano, â€Å"bantay kuako† (heavy smokers) and â€Å"kuripot† (stingy); Pampangueno, â€Å"dugong aso† (dog blood or traitors); Batangueno, â€Å"balisong† (knife-wielding); Bicolanos, â€Å"sili† ( pepper or hot people). 2. Patterns of Competition, Conflict and Domination When ethnocentric attitudes are coupled with intergroup competition for territory and scarce resources, an explosive social situation may arise. When two groups both strive for the same things- and they perceive their respective claims to be mutually exclusively and legitimate- the stage is set for conflict. In modern societies, the state has become the vehicle that enables one group to dominate and keep the other group subordinate. In sum, competition supplies the motivation for systems of stratification, and ethnocentrism directs competition along racial and ethnic lines, but power determines which group will subjugate the other (Noel, 1972; Barth and Noel, 1975). 3. Economic and Political Subjugation. The economic takeover of one nation by a more powerful one and the subsequent political and social domination of the native population is called colonialism. If the takeover of one nation is trough the military superiority of the more powerful one for the purpose of territorial expansion and establishing colonies, it is termed as military colonialism. On the other hand, if the economic takeover is made through the great technological superiority of the more powerful one, the institutionalization of their businesses in their former colonies, the control and domination of most of a colony’s natural resources, the imposition of trade policies and economic treaties favorable to their side; the establishment of outlets for their surplus capital; the need for more cheap labor, raw materials, and markets to fuel their growing economy, the process is termed neo-colonialism or economic imperialism. 4. Displacement and Segregation of the Native Population Economic and political subjugation of a minority population by a more powerful group is not the only pattern of conquest that occurs when different racial and ethnic group meet. Displacement of native population can be made possible through the influx of powerful settlers or invaders with their vastly superior weapons. It is typically found in areas rich in natural resources and similar in geography and climate to the homeland of the invading group. Displacement takes the following forms: a. ) by attrition, that is, numbers of the weaker group may die of starvation or disease either deliberately or not; b. ) by population transfer; and c. ) by genocide- deliberate and ruthless extermination of the weaker group. Segregation involves the enactment of laws and/or customs that restrict or prohibit contact between groups. Segregation may be ethnic or racial or based on sex or age. 5. Patterns of Accommodation and Tolerance. Interracial and interethnic accommodation can be carried out through miscegenation or amalgamation- the intermarriage of members of the majority and minority groups. This can result in the blending of their various customs and values and the creation of a new cultural hybrid. This involves a cultural and biological blending in which the customs and values of both groups are to some extent preserved and their biological characteristics appear in the offspring. 6. Patterns of Acculturation and Assimilation Acculturation and assimilation are two very important concepts in sociology and anthropology that describe cross cultural effects on both minorities as well as majorities in societies that are multi ethnic and multi cultural in nature. Assimilation is a broader concept as described by sociologist Jean Piaget and refers to the manner in which people take new information. There are many people who think of the two concepts as same and even use them interchangeably. If you belong to a minority community in a country and retain your own culture but cannot remain isolated and are affected by the majority culture in such a way that you adapt to some aspects of the majority culture, the process is referred to as acculturation. Assimilation is a process whereby people of a culture learn to adapt to the ways of the majority culture. There is a loss of one’s own culture as a person gives more value to the cultural aspects of the majority community in the process of assimilation. What is the difference between Acculturation and Assimilation? †¢ Meeting of cultures always produces results in terms of changes in both the cultures, and acculturation and assimilation refer to two important and different changes in these cultures. †¢ Assimilation refers to the process where some of the majority community’s cultural aspects are absorbed in such a manner that the home cultural aspects get mitigated or lost. †¢ Acculturation is a process where the cultural aspects of the majority community are adapted without losing the traditions and customs of the minority community. †¢ Minority culture changes in the case of assimilation whereas it remains intact in the case of acculturation. 7. Patterns of cultural Pluralism or Ethnic Diversity Cultural pluralism refers to the coexistence of different racial or ethnic groups each of which retains its own cultural identity and social structural networks, while participating equally in the economic and political systems. (Light, 1985) In pluralistic society, each group retains its own language, religion and customs, and its members tend to interact socially primarily among themselves. Yet all jointly participate in the economic and political systems and live in harmony and peaceful â€Å"coexistence†. A prime example of such an arrangement can be found in Switzerland. There, people of German, French, and Italian heritage preserve their distinct cultural ways while coexisting peacefully and equally. No one group enjoys special privileges or is discriminated against. ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE PHILIPPINES. Ethnic groups in the Philippines are classified according to certain physical, cultural, linguistic, religious and geographic criteria. A. According to distinctive physical traits 1. The Negritoes who are regarded as the aborigines of the Philippines. 2. The Indonesian- Malayan stock which is predominant among the Filipinos. 3. The Chinese who make up the largest national group. 4. The Americans and the Spaniards, and a few other Europeans who came as colonizers. B. According to cultural standpoints 1. Cultural minorities or cultural communities 2. Muslims 3. Christian groups C. According to linguistic groupings PANAMIN reports that there are about 87 ethno linguistic groups in the Philippines-e. g. , Tagalog, Ilokano, Waray, Hiligaynon, Kapampangan, Ilonggo, etc. D. According to religion 1. Roman Catholics 2. Muslims 3. Aglipayans 4. Protestants 5. Iglesia ni Cristo 6. Buddhists 7. Jehovah’s witnesses 8. Other religious sects. E. Muslims of Southern Philippines The Muslims make up the largest single non-Christian group. They have nine ethno-linguistic groups, namely: 1. Taosug 2. Maranao 3. Maguindanao 4. Samal 5. Yakan 6. Sanggil 7. Badjao 8. Molbog 9. Jama Mapun. From the Spanish regime to the present, Muslim and Christian intergroup relationships have been characterized by animosity and suspicion. This has been expressed in the Muslims’ ongoing resentment of Christian settlers and attempts at secession to form an independent Mindanao. Muslim revolutionary groups the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the Bangsai Moro Liberation Front (BMLF) want Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan to secede from the Philippines. THE CULTURAL COMMUNITIES AND THE CHRISTIAN FILIPINOS The non-Christian Filipinos now known as cultural communities make up 10% of the total national population. They have maintained their culture in their clothes, art, religion, ethnic dialect, customs, traditions and other superficial differences. There are 77 major ethno-linguistic groups in the Philippines. A. Northern Luzon 1. Isneg 11. Ivatan/Itbayat 21. Malaweg 2. Kalinga 12. Ilocano 22. Yogad 3. Ifugao 13. Apayao 23. Pangasinan 4. Bontok 14. Balangao 24. Palanan 5. Kankanai 15. Bago 25. Kapampangan 6. Ibaloi 16. Kalanguya 26. Tagalog 7. Gaddang 17. Iwak 27. Bicol 8. Tinggian 18. Isinay 28. Negrito 9. Ilongot 19. Ibanag 29. Sambal 10. Ibalahan 20. Itawit B. Smaller Groups in Luzon 1. Aetas 2. Dumagats of Quezon Province 3. Mangyans of Mindoro. 4. Hanunoo C. Visayas 1. Bataks 7. Aklanon 13. Solud 2. Keney 8. Rombloanon 14. Bukidnon 3. Negritoes 9. Bantoanon 15. Boholano 4. Alangans 10. Hiligaynon 16. Cebuano 5. Masbateno 11. Kiniray-a 17. Waray 6. Abakon 12. Hamtikanon D. Mindanao 1. Tagurays 8. Mansakas 15. Kamiguin 2. Tagabilis 9. Maranao 16. Mamanwa 3. Bilaans 10. Sangil/Sangir 17. Butuanon 4. Mandayas 11. Ilanun 18. Kamayo 5. Manobos 12. Maguindanao 19. Bagobo 6. Tasadays 13. Tiboli 20. Kalagan 7. Magtisalugs 14. Subanon 21. Kalibugan E. In Sulu/Tawi-Tawi 1. Yakan 2. Sama 3. Sama Dilaut 4. Tausug 5. Jama Mapun F. In Palawan 1. Tagbanua 2. Agutayanen 3. Kuyonen 4. Molbog. 5. Palawan 6. Batak 7. Tau’t Baten III. GROUP REFLECTION Within sociology, the terms race, ethnicity, minority, and dominant group all have very specific and different meanings. To understand the sociological perspective on race and ethnicity, it is important to understand the meanings of these concepts. An ethnic group is a social category of people who share a common culture, such as a common language, a common religion, or common norms, customs, practices, and history. Ethnic groups have a consciousness of their common cultural bond. An ethnic group does not exist simply because of the common national or cultural origins of the group, however. They develop because of their unique historical and social experiences, which become the basis for the group’s ethnic identity. For example, prior to immigration to the United States, Italians did not think of themselves as a distinct group with common interests and experiences. However, the process of immigration and the experiences they faced as a group in the United States, including discrimination, created a new identity for the group. Some examples of ethnic groups include Italian Americans, Polish Americans, Mexican Americans, Arab Americans, and Irish Americans. Ethnic groups are also found in other societies, such as the Pashtuns in Afghanistan or the Shiites in Iraq, whose ethnicity is base on religious differences. Like ethnicity, race is primarily, though not exclusively, a socially constructed category. A race is a group that is treated as distinct in society based on certain characteristics. Because of their biological or cultural characteristics, which are labeled as inferior by powerful groups in society, a race is often singled out for differential and unfair treatment. It is not the biological characteristics that define racial groups, but how groups have been treated historically and socially. Society assigns people to racial categories (White, Black, etc. ) not because of science or fact, but because of opinion and social experience. In other words, how racial groups are defined is a social process; it is socially constructed. A minority group is any distinct group in society that shares common group characteristics and is forced to occupy low status in society because of prejudice and discrimination. A group may be classified as a minority on the basis of ethnicity, race, sexual preference, age, or class status. It is important to note that a minority group is not necessarily the minority in terms of numbers, but it is a group that holds low status in relation to other groups in society (regardless of the size). The group that assigns a racial or ethnic group to subordinate status in society is called the dominant group. There are several sociological theories about why prejudice, discrimination, and racism exist. Current sociological theories focus mainly on explaining the existence of racism, particular institutional racism. The three major sociological perspectives (functionalist theory, symbolic interaction theory, and conflict theory) each have their own explanations to the existence of racism. Functionalist theorists argue that in order for race and ethnic relations to be functional and contribute to the harmonious conduct and stability of society, racial and ethnic minorities must assimilate into that society. Assimilation is a process in which a minority becomes absorbed into the dominant society – socially, economically, and culturally. Symbolic interaction theorists look at two issues in relation to race and ethnicity. First, they look at the role of social interaction and how it reduces racial and ethnic hostility. Second, they look at how race and ethnicity are socially constructed. In essence, symbolic interactionists ask the question, â€Å"What happens when two people of different race or ethnicity come in contact with one another and how can such interracial or interethnic contact reduce hostility and conflict? † The basic argument made by conflict theorists is that class-based conflict is an inherent and fundamental part of society. These theorists thus argue that racial and ethnic conflict is tied to class conflict and that in order to reduce racial and ethnic conflict, class conflict must first be reduced.

Business Model of Amazon Essay

Amazon.com is the pioneering bookstore on the Internet that first opened in July 1995 by Jeff Bezos. The firm offers online shopping services and partnership opportunities such as online search for books, music and video items. The products that they sell include an array of audio, video and book titles. Amazon has one of the widest selections and employs international shipping to virtually every corner of the globe in just a few days. Amazon’s focus is having the biggest selection of free-electronic greeting cards, online auction and millions of books, CDs, videos, DVDs, toys and electronics. They have expanded to different areas of the world, such as Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.de, to service consumers outside of the United States. They aim to be a Cost leader in which their firm has lower costs than the competitors. They have employed different Amazon branches in different parts of the world to lower costs. This allows Amazon to ship their products at a lower price from each po int of shipment to the consumer. In recent years, Amazon.com has expanded from being just an online bookstore to an all around online shopping experience. They have coined the tag line â€Å"Earth’s biggest selection†. Amazon has diversified into different websites. These are the Internet Movie Database (www.imdb.com), LiveBid.com, amazon.livebid.com, drugstore.com (an online retail and information about health and wellness), gear.com (online sporting goods company), homegrocer.com (online grocery shopping and delivery), pets.com (largest pet supply online shopping site), ashford.com (online luxury and premium shopping) and eZiba.com (online retailer of handcrafted products). Five Forces Model for Industry Analysis New Entrants The online bookstore industry that Amazon.com has pioneered in was, at first, very hard to penetrate. There were different barriers such as distributing capabilities and the variety of the selection offered that are supposed to be hurdled. Amazon successfully solved the tricky parameters as being the first one to get into the whole idea of online retail. With being the first, they had the luxury to set what were the norms for the industry. Factors that may lower these barrier tactics would be a wider selection and the  ability to go to an actual bookstore to exchange or return books or other products. This network of â€Å"actual† retail spaces makes it easier for the consumer to return or exchange the products they were not satisfied with. These handicaps of Amazon were the basis for the emergence of book retail giants Barnes and Noble and Borders in the online shopping industry. Industry Competitors The major competitors of Amazon are Barnes and Noble and Borders. Barnes and Noble is a retail giant offering books and CDs both in their outlets all over the country. It opened their online industry in 1997 and has become the fourth largest e-commerce sites today. Focused largely on the sale of books, music, software, magazines, prints, posters, and related products, the company has capitalized on the recognized brand value of the Barnes & Noble name to become the second largest, and one of the fastest growing, online distributors of books. Their â€Å"advantage† to Amazon is the brand name and the availability of actual retail outlets in which consumers could go in to exchange or return products easily. They also have an established book selection based in their retail operations. Borders is another multi-media retail store found in major cities around the country. Started out as a small bookshop in the college town of Ann Arbor, Michigan, it has since expanded into one of the finest bookstores. In 1992, Borders was bought by the Kmart group which further flourished the company into a Multi Media Giant with a wide selection of Audio, Video and Books found throughout the United States. The Online Bookstore industry have become a fierce business which involves discounts, varied selections and fast delivery in which all three companies are challenging each other. Buyers The consumers of this industry can be found in every corner of the population. These are mostly people who have had some form of higher education and have access to the Internet and computers. The segment of online shoppers has increased dramatically in recent years due to the convenience of shopping in the comforts of the home and the accessibility of the Internet. These developments have made it easier for consumers to log on and buy on the Internet. Consumers also tend to compare prices among the retail leaders such that buyers are able to buy products with very big  discounts compared to ones bought in â€Å"actual† retail outlets. The bargaining power of the consumer is based on the competitive strategies of each active firm in the industry. Thus, consumers can challenge one firm for charging more than the other one such that the firm will beat the price of the competing firm. Suppliers Amazon’s suppliers range from the publishing and media houses to electronics’ manufacturers. Amazon buys all their books, videos and audio CDs from the multi media houses and publishing giants such as Time Warner, Doubleday etc. Amazon also has alliances with other bookstores to cover orders that they cannot serve. Substitutes The substitutes for Amazon and other online bookstores are the â€Å"actual† book retailers and music stores such as Barnes and Nobles, Virgin Megastore, Tower Records, Sam Goody and other small mom-and-pop outlets. With the rise of online retail, there will be little impact from these substitutes. One impact would be some consumers who would like to hold or listen to their purchases prior to buying and those who are into the whole â€Å"shopping experience†. Barnes and Nobles have jumped into online retail and have succeeded into diversifying into the new e-commerce industry. Industrial Organization Model Degree of Competition Due to the shift of focus for Amazon, it has become the â€Å"Earth’s biggest anything store†. Its competitors have expanded from just online book retailers Barnes and Nobles and Borders to top audio retailers CDNOW.com and online auction house EBAY.com. Amazon has an overall lead of 40% market share against the other online retail firms. Their international business has more than doubled over the past 2 years and this growth increased Amazon’s share in the online business market. Life Cycle Amazon, in it’s first years, had negative income but the rise of e-commerce sites and being the pioneer made the succeeding years led to boom time for them. Their growth period was during 1994 to 1995 when they were the first of its kind in the world. They incurred very high costs in terms of  distributions to customers. Still with a negative income, Amazon went public in 1997 and had one of the biggest IPOs of the time. With investors banking on future positive cash flow for this company, Amazon’s market value soared. Many people caught on with the idea of online shopping, thus, Amazon’s success. Amazon’s success as an online retailer prompted bricks-and-mortar rivals Barnes and Noble and Borders to join in. Competition decreased Amazon’s profitability so in the past couple of years, Amazon has expanded to more than books, audio and video to electronics and other retail concepts. Social Relevance Amazon’s products are marketed for every consumer possible. Books, audio, video and electronics are appreciated by majority of the population especially those who have access to the Internet. Amazon is active in pursuing literacy programs for young children by collaborating with the makers of the Dr. Seuss books. They have actively participated in the Dr. Seuss shops, story telling sessions and Dr. Seuss days. Degree of Globalization Amazon’s strength internationally lies within its networks in major ports and cities around the Globe. Amazon first started out in Seattle but as soon as they have established a niche market, they have opened shop all over the nation and in cities such as London, Berlin, The Hague, Paris, Tokyo, Singapore and many more. These branches overseas improves their delivery service to a wide consumer base. Extent of Government Control There has not been many government regulations regarding online retailing. A group of CEOs whose firms that are engaged in such practices have formed an organization called Global Business Dialogue. This GBD group supports the development of a seamless global system that delivers the broadest array of goods and services to the largest number of consumers at the most competitive prices. This work effort will: offer recommendations to the WTO, including making the moratorium on online tariffs permanent; and collaborate with governments to target and eliminate discriminations against, or other non-tariff barriers to global trade in, electronic commerce. This working group will also provide an avenue for the GBDs to consider and promote the  growth of the electronic marketplace in an environment unencumbered by detrimental taxation. Degree of Vertical Integration Amazon’s primary value chain includes purchasing/sourcing, marketing, distribution and after-sales services, which includes returns and exchanges from unsatisfied customers. Their main focus is in the purchasing/sourcing and in the distribution of the products to the consumers. Their investments are therefore, geared towards warehouses in key points of high consumer demand areas and an efficient delivery and distributing system to service all its consumers. Thus, Amazon controls most of its distributing system that spans across borders. Inter Organization of Network Economics Amazon in its efforts to sustain its market leadership in the online retailing industry has tied up with various online organizations. Netscape Navigator and Amazon will offer members of Netscape Netcenter a co-branded storefront where Earth’s Biggest Bookstore will be easily accessed through Netscape Netcenter (home.netscape.com). In addition, Amazon.com has multi-year exclusive and premier bookseller relationships with 5 of the top 6 sites on the World Wide Web: AOL.com, Yahoo!, Netscape, GeoCities, and Excite. These partnerships widen Amazon’s presence in the World Wide Web. Sensitivity to Business Cycles The Online retailing business has a very quick cyclical growth. Amazon being one of the firsts to venture in this type of commerce are all ready in what seems to be in their decline stage where market share is declining. Therefore, Amazon is expanding to different industries within online retailing. Amazon and other online retailing firms are very sensitive to business cycles due to the speed of technology involved in the services they offer. Dynamics of New Knowledge Generation Online retailing relies on the work of an excellent distribution system. Amazon has invested their money into expanding their network of distribution centers around the globe. They also have investments in creating better technology for tracking orders and giving efficient delivery systems for their customers. Amazon.com has remained on top of the online retailing  business despite the entrance of giants such as Barnes and Nobles and Borders. Their success is attributed to two factors; timing and continuing to invest heavily into the inventory and distribution systems. Amazon, by being the first of its kind, has a big lead over the nearest competitors due to their experience and its reputation as the first movers. Their thrust remains on improving efficient delivery systems across borders and to build name recognition as the number one retailing firm in the Internet. They have also ventured into different retail options to keep that lead. Marketing, Innovative inventory and distribution systems, and name recall have helped Amazon build a sustainable competitive advantage. In order for any online retail company to remain prosperous and income generating, they must invest a lot of time and money into research and development of more efficient operations and distributions systems. This proved to be key for the Market Leader in online retailing, Amazon.Com. Mary Grace Velasco,College of Business Administration,Senior, Fordham University,Fall 2000

Astrophil and Stella Essay

For the sake of the cause he also borrows ideas from other poets, but finally he realizes that the only way to tell his feelings is to write his own words from his own heart. The poet relies on the success of his chosen wooing process sincerely. There is a turn after the octave. The sestet starts with the word ‘‘But’’, which suggests some kind of change. In this part, three words, ‘‘Invention’’, ‘‘Nature’’ and ‘‘Study’’, are personifies by the poet. He presents ‘‘Nature’’ to the reader as the mother of ‘‘Invention’’ (‘‘Invention, Nature’s child’’ (Line 10)). With this personalization, these two words get qualities, and this refers to the naturalness of using imagination to create new ideas. These two things are necessary conditions of each other. The third personalized word is ‘‘Study’’. It appears as the stepmother of ‘‘Invention’’. Mother would never be in good terms with stepmother. One reason of it can be jealousy. The poet to act up to this fact gives the ability of breathing to ‘‘Study’’ in order to be able to blow ‘‘Invention’’ away. There is still no inspiration of the poet for writing his ideas and feelings. The personalizations serve the aim to have something that can be the reason of the poet’s inability to write. Around the end of the sonnet the poet shows us a picture of a woman who is ‘‘great with child’’(Line12). He compares his situation with the state of pregnancy. According to him, express his feelings and write down them can be as difficult as giving birth to a child. The pregnant mother has millions of troubles and struggles during the pregnancy such as the poet has during the procedure of writing ‘‘helpless in my throes’’ (Line 12). After all his attempts fails, in the last line his Muse calls him a ‘‘Fool’’ and advises him to ‘‘look in thy 2 heart and write’’. The word ’’Fool refers to the poet. He makes stupid mistakes when he tries to use others love poems to express his feelings. There is some irony in the words of the Muse. The poet should not think so much about his feelings and about how to write them down. He just has to write down what is come from his heart without thinking about it. I think, the testimony of the Muse’s words is that people have to trust in themselves and in their abilities. 3

Texas A M Acceptance Rate and Admissions Requirements

In many ways, Texas A&M is the consummate big college. It has over 50,000 undergrads, a city setting, and a campus that spans 5,200 acres. It offers quality academic and athletic programs, along with all the resources one would expect from such a large institution. For students looking for a true big college experience, Texas A&M has a lot to offer. Founded in 1876, Texas A&M was originally the Agriculture and Mechanical College of Texas. Today, it is just Texas A&M and offers 16 colleges and schools, 5,000 faculty, and 130 undergraduate degree programs. In addition to its home base in College Station, Texas, Texas A&M also offers a maritime branch in Galveston, Texas, an engineering branch in Doha, Qatar, and program centers in Mexico and Costa Rica. Texas A&M ranks in the top 100 public universities and ranks first among public universities for the number of students studying abroad. In addition, it has recently landed among the top five in the US News and World Reports categories of â€Å"best value†, â€Å"most affordable†, â€Å"best outcomes for low-income students†, and â€Å"student engagement†. If you’re interested in taking advantage of all that Texas A&M has to offer, don’t miss this post. Texas A&M accepts the Coalition Application or ApplyTexas . Official SAT or ACT score reports are required, as is an essay . You’ll also need to submit the standard application components of a high school transcript and an application fee or fee waiver. Teacher recommendations are optional, but if submitted, only the first two submitted will be considered. Texas A&M does not offer admissions interviews. Texas A&M opens admissions season early, with the office accepting applications beginning July 1st. The deadline for regular admissions applications is December 1st. Engineering majors can apply through the Early Action program, which has an October 15 deadline. Note that if a deadline falls on a weekend, the application will remain open until 11:59 PM  (CST) on the following Monday. This does not apply to the Early Action Deadline for engineering. Additional required documents will be accepted until 5:00pm (CST) on that Monday. In recent years, the acceptance rate at Texas A&M has pretty consistently been around 65-70% . This might seem like a fairly easy school to get into just based on that, but in reality, it’s a little more complex than that. Remember, Texas A&M is a huge school. There were over 37,000 applicants for the class of 2022. Of these, just 26,000 were offered a place in the incoming class. It may be tempting to take the acceptance rate at Texas A&M lightly, but this would be a mistake. Though the acceptance rate in 2018 was 70%, it’s important to remember that there were still 11,000 applicants who did not get in. US News and World Reports still considers Texas A&M a moderately selective school, and if you want to score a place there, you’ll need to make sure you meet all its admissions requirements. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Texas A&M requires all applicants to submit either the SAT with Essay or the ACT with Essay. Test scores are listed as a very important factor in admissions. The 75% of admitted students who submitted SAT scores received a composite score at or above 1140, while 75% of admitted students who submitted ACT scores received a composite score at or above 25. SAT Subject Tests are not required for admissions to Texas A&M, but can be used as placement exams. SAT and ACT writing sections are only considered as a method for validating college application essays. In addition to test scores, Texas A&M ranks the following factors as very important in their admissions process: 60% of students accepted to Texas A&M’s class of 2022 were ranked in the top 10% of their high school classes. 88% were ranked in the top 25%. Applicants to Texas A&M should take the most challenging course load that they’re capable of doing well in during high school and should aim to participate in 2-4 extracurriculars with increasing levels of commitment and leadership throughout your high school career. Texas A&M also evaluates applicants based on their volunteer work, work experience, status as a first generation college student, state residency, and application essay . While some of these factors are out of your control, you certainly can work to build a strong applicant profile in other ways.   Try to stick with your work or service work for a prolonged time. If possible, choose work or volunteer opportunities that are related to issues of personal importance or to possible career goals. Texas A&M likes to see students who are committed and grow in leadership within their communities. Of the admissions criteria ranked very important by the admissions committee, three are linked to your academic achievements. By taking challenging classes, achieving a high GPA, and attaining a solid ranking in your graduating class, you can prove to Texas A&M that you’re ready for the rigor of college academics. Your essay should be free of all grammatical, organizational, and other errors, and do a good job of representing who you are as a student, as a person, and as a member of your community. Texas A&M carefully reviews every admissions essay and weighs each in the application process. If you need help with your essay at any point, from choosing a topic to fine-tuning its organization or polishing it grammatically, don’t hesitate to contact ’s Personal Essay Specialists , who can help at any point along the way. Not everyone can get into Texas A&M. Though it can be hard to pinpoint any single reason for your rejection, ultimately it doesn’t matter exactly why you were rejected so much as what you do with your future from here. While many students might want to appeal their admissions decision or choose a second-rate college from which they can quickly apply to transfer to Texas A&M, neither of these options is your best bet. Instead, you are better off choosing a second choice school that is still a college you’d be happy to attend, with academic resources that would enrich your experience. Attending another school where you can succeed is always a great choice, and if, further down the line, you choose to transfer elsewhere, at least you have made good use of your time there. Texas A&M does accept transfer students, and their rate of acceptance is very similar to the regular admissions acceptance rate, as is the application process. You can learn more about the transfer application process on Texas A&M’s page Transfer: How to Apply .   Ã‚   For more help applying to Texas A&M or other schools on your college list, consider enlisting the help of ’s Applications Guidance service. Here, you will be paired with a personal admissions specialist from a top a college who can provide step-by-step guidance through the entire application process.

Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Assignment Guidelines

Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Guidelines - Assignment Example The next important move will be to ask the client if I can a combine session with her parents to allow them share their thoughts about the situation. Two ethical issues that I will have to deal with include whether advising the client on other alternatives to abortion could interfere with her autonomy. I strongly believe that every individual has a right to choose time as well as how to end his/her life with dignity especially when suffering from terminal illness. I feel that it is quite inhumane to stop an individual from hastening his death especially his/her health has significantly deteriorated from prolonged illness. I will start the counseling process by trying to establish if the state law allows physician assisted suicide (PAS). The next thing will be to allow the client clarify her thought and feelings towards PAS and the possibility of exploring alternatives to the decisions. The option of advising the client on other alternatives to PAS and whether it is in the best interest to allow her continue with PAS are two major ethical issues that I will consider. Trust and respect are the two most important determinant of a successful and effective counseling relation between the client and the counselor. Remley, Jr and Herlihy (2010) asserts that clients must always feel safe in the hands of their counselors and this can only be achieved when they trust in the counselor’s ability to safeguard their interest and respect their rights in the relationship. The fact that the counselor is highly experienced in his/her field does not give them an absolute power over the client considering that the client has a number of rights that needs to be protected in the relationship. Key among the clients rights in a counseling relationship include but not limited right to autonomy, right to confidentiality, right to known counseling techniques or strategies, right to request for copies of records

HRD, Learning Theory Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HRD, Learning Theory - Research Paper Example In the work of Mason & Reynolds (2002), Thorndike’s works can be indicted to have had its history on the need by man to have animals learn from taught behaviors. This correlates with trial and error learning that indicates that animals learn through trial and errors. Tomlinson, (1997) indicates that animals will skillfully learn through repeating behaviors that will lead to rewarding and avoid ones that lead to punishment. As a lecturer and psychologist at Columbia University, where he researched on psychology of animal knowledge and educational psychology, Thorndike’s learning theory focuses on the role of the environment in the formation of responses in the course of learning and training (Happy, 2012). If a desired behavior is evident, then learning can be indicated to have occurred. Thorndike defines learning as an interaction between various stimulus and responses in an environment (Tomlinson, 1997). In the classroom setting, the educator is able to impact change in the learners by providing them with a token of appreciation each time they give the correct answer in a test. The educator may set a limit that would check for the achievers of that target. This will reinforce the learners towards working to a specific goal so as to attain the price. In the event of continuous and consistent rewarding, the learners end up cooperating in the learning process by all means so as to attain the set target. Happy (2012) refers the reward as stimulus which stimulates learning activities such as feeling towards the subject taught, thoughts of succession and capturing sense of need to acquire something new in the learning environment. Of essence, one would argue that the extent of the connection between the responses determines the extent in which the reaction will have a long-term effect on the objects. Thorndike is also of the opinion that through constant exercise, it is probable that the connection

Acute cholecystitis (case study) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Acute cholecystitis ( ) - Case Study Example The disease is fairly common, with over 500,000 operations being performed each year in the United States on individuals presenting with more severe cases of bile duct blockage and subsequent acute cholecystitis. Acute cholecystitis is the case of this inflammation that occurs sporadically, with the similar chronic cholecystitis being characterised by a more constant inflammation (South-Paul et al, 2010). Acute cholecystitis is far more common in women than in men, and occurs in the population more frequently with age (Sherlock et al, 2002). Pregnancy can also increase the liklihood of getting acute cholecystitis due to the presence of hormones that increase the liklihood of developing gallstones and the subsequent blocking and inflammation (Lai et al, 1998). There are many associated symptoms which are usually vague, and include nausea and fever (Eldar et al, 1997). Acute cholecystitis can be diagnosed in a number of ways that will be discussed within the course of this essay, but i maging techniques are the most conclusive, with metabolic panels being used as the primary detection method in suspected cases (Sherlock et al, 2002). Imaging techniques are the only way to get a conclusive diagnosis of the affliction. Treatment is usually antibiotics, although more severe and aggressive treatments are necessary in cases where gangrene and tissue necrosis are present. Operations may be needed to remove the causative gallstones (Kiviluoto et al, 1998). This essay will discuss all of these features of acute cholecystitis in more detail. Colecystitis is often caused by gallstones forming in the gallbladder, and especially refers to those that obstruct the custic duct (Sherlock et al, 2002). This obstruction can lead to issues with the bile system, which involve a thickening of the bile and associated stasis. This may very often lead to secondary infections by pathogens including but not limited to Escherichia coli (South-Paul et al, 2010). Both the